ERA Country Report 2023

Sweden

Edited by Pär Weström (CARSA)

as part of ‘Development of the ERA Scoreboard, the ERA Dashboard and the Regular Reports’ project for the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation under Framework Contract N° 2018/RTD/A2/OP/PP-07001-2018 Lot 2 (EDAR)

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Table of contents

ERA Country Report 2023: Sweden  

1.    National context
1.1.    Overview of the ERA policy agenda implementation
1.2.    Policy context
2.    Assessment of the Implementation of the ERA Policy Agenda and ERA Priorities
2.1.    ERA Priority 1: Deepening a truly functional internal market for knowledge
2.2.    ERA Priority 2: Taking up together the challenges posed by the twin green and digital transition and increasing society’s participation in the ERA
2.3.    ERA Priority 3: Amplifying access to research and innovation excellence across the Union
2.4.    ERA Priority 4: Advancing concerted research and innovation investments and reforms
3.    Country-specific drivers and barriers
4.    Final remarks
5.    Bibliography
6.    Annexes
6.1.    Annex 1: Graphs    

 

ERA Country Report 2023: Sweden

 

1. National context

 

1.1. Overview of the ERA policy agenda implementation

After a few years as the top innovating country, according to the scores of the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS), Sweden was overtaken by Denmark in 2023 and moved to second position. Still, the country’s overall performance is increasing at a rate higher than that of the EU average (8.5 percentage points). Sweden is committed to the implementation of the European Research Area (ERA) Policy Agenda, officially committed to a total of 11 policy actions: 7 of Priority 1 (ERA Actions 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9) and 4 of Priority 2 (ERA Actions 10, 11, 12 and 14), and with recorded activities ^ in 5 additional policy actions, covering also Priorities 3 and 4. ^

One of the key strategies is the Research Policy Bill, presenting the policy orientation for the next four years, whereas budget is allocated in the annual budgeting process and finalised in annual appropriations directives for government agencies. The current Research Policy Bill, presented in 2020, outlines the direction of Sweden’s research policy from 2021 to 2024. Another important policy example is the Updated national approach on open access to publications and research data in the Research Bill (2021-2024), coordinated by the Swedish Research Council. According to the European Semester Report of 2023, EUR 286 million (ca. 8.7%) of the Swedish Recovery and Resilience Plan (RRP) is dedicated to research and innovation investment to support the green transition.

 

1.2. Policy context

Research funding structure and allocation, and innovation policies based on research, are governed by research bills presented to parliament every four years. The current goal is “for Sweden to be one of the world's leading research and innovation countries and a leading knowledge nation, where high-quality research, higher education and innovation development and well-being of society, the competitiveness of the economy competitiveness and respond to the societal challenges we face”. ^

The government agencies are independent from the central Government Offices (ministries) and have a high degree of autonomy ^. Most universities in Sweden are government agencies, whose research funds are allocated through block funds. ^ Additionally, higher Education in Sweden is governed by the Higher Education Ordinance.

The Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet) is Sweden’s largest public funding body, supporting basic research within all scientific disciplines at universities and higher education institutions, through calls for grant applications in open competition. It is a government agency within the Ministry of Education and Research with the mandate to advise the government on research policy issues.

Together with the funds disbursed by the Swedish Research Council (EUR 664.8 million in 2021), four additional councils and agencies make up the core structure of Swedish research funding: ^c Formas (EUR 149.9 million) disbursed funds 2021; the Research Council for the Environment, Agricultural Sciences and Rural Development supports the research fields of environment, agricultural sciences and rural development. The Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (Forte) (EUR 69.1 million) promotes and supports research in the fields of health, working life and welfare. Sweden’s Innovation Agency (Vinnova) aims to strengthen Sweden's innovative capacity and contribute to sustainable growth, by funding needs-driven research and effective innovation systems, involving both public and private actors. The Swedish Energy Agency supports national research on new renewable energy technologies, smart grids, and fuels of the future.

The efforts of these agencies and institutions, is supported by the Swedish recovery and resilience plan (RRP). The plan aims to allocate EUR 286 million research and innovation investments to support the green transition. The Swedish government initiated in 2021 Industriklivet (Industry Leap) for investments in new technology. It forms part of the green restart of a climate smart society and forms part of the RRF. In 2023, twenty Swedish universities, funding agencies and stakeholders have joined the Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment, supporting progress in ERA Actions 3 and 14.

Additionally, the Research Policy Bill for 2021 to 2024 incorporates some of the ERA policy objectives into a national perspective. It focuses on strengthen Sweden´s leading position in the areas of research and development at an international level, while promoting cooperation towards the green transition.

 

2. Assessment of the Implementation of the ERA Policy Agenda and ERA Priorities

As indicated above, Sweden has officially committed to 11 ERA Actions, falling under the priorities 1: Deepening a truly functional internal market for knowledge, and 2: Taking up together the challenges posed by the twin green and digital transition and increasing society’s participation in the ERA. The information presented in this section builds on qualitative information collected through desk research. Key resources are the OECD STIP Survey, European Semester Reports and the European Innovation Scoreboard.

The quantitative information presents the most recent data available for the ERA Scoreboard and ERA Dashboard indicators. However, in some cases, the data available pre-dates the ERA Policy Agenda. Therefore, the longer-term trends covering the last ten years are presented. The indicators falling under each ERA priority are presented below, and the general indicators are outlined in Table 1. More detailed information on the data and graphs can be found in Annex 1. This report will serve as a baseline for reporting in the future.

 

Source: compiled by research team based on the ERA Scoreboard and ERA Dashboard indicators

 

2.1. ERA Priority 1: Deepening a truly functional internal market for knowledge

 

2.1.1. State of play in the implementation of the ERA Actions

Under ERA Action 1: Enable Open Science, including through the European Open Science Cloud, the Research Bill (2021-2024) includes an updated national approach on open access to publications and research data, a work coordinated by the Swedish Research Council. In the Lund Declaration on Maximising the Benefits of Research Data, the Swedish Presidency of the Council of the European Union calls for reinforcing, accelerating, and maximising the benefits of FAIR and open research data in Europe. SciLifeLab Data Centre is a central research data infrastructure with services for Open Science and FAIR data sharing, identified by EOSC as a best practice.  The Swedish Association of Swedish Higher Education Institutions (SUHF) adopted in 2021 a national road map for open science including recommendations on how to work on EOSC. The Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet) is a mandated organisation for EOSC and represents the Swedish R&I system in the EOSC Association. Vetenskapsrådet also gives support to the government in the EOSC Steering Board. Additionally, NAISS – National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputers in Sweden –provides resources for large-scale and high-performance computing and storage in all research areas.

Another initiative identified in the OECD STIP Survey is the public-private programme Advanced Digitalisation (Avancerad Digitalisering), which has as one of its purposes to be a collaboration platform and function as a knowledge hub for other Swedish initiatives in the field of digitalisation. Sweden has also developed national guidelines for open science which is proposed for open consultation.

Sweden also committed to ERA Action 3: Reform the Assessment System for research, researchers and institutions. As of April 2023, twenty Swedish universities, funding agencies and stakeholders have joined the Coalition for Advancing Research Assessment (CoARA), which establishes a common direction for research assessment reform.

Linked to ERA Action 4: Promote attractive research careers, talent circulation and mobility, recently, in 2021, a strategy for Swedish participation in Horizon Europe was launched, and in 2023 the new National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputers in Sweden (NAISS) was presented. Sweden also has a national EURAXESS nod, supporting the careers and mobility of researchers. Fourteen Swedish universities have achieved the HR Excellence in Research Award.

Related to ERA Action 5: Promote gender equality and foster inclusiveness, the Swedish Gender Equality Agency is a government agency under the Ministry of Employment, created in 2018 to contribute to effective implementation of the Swedish gender equality policy. In the Research Bill (2021-2024) among other gender related issues, the government declares that it shares the Equality Authority’s assessment and announced in 2020 that universities and colleges will continue to work on the mission for gender equality integration. Several government and non-public research funders have established a joint group to coordinate efforts on gender and equality. The Swedish Gender Equality Agency and the Swedish Secretariat for Gender Research participate in the group.

Although Sweden is not officially committed to ERA Action 6: Protect academic freedom in Europe, some previous initiatives were identified in the OECD STIP Survey. These include bilateral S&T agreements with third countries (started 1999 and 2017) and the establishment of several Foreign Offices for research cooperation in third countries (2017). After proposal in the Research Bill (2021-2024) the Higher Education Act (Högskolelagen) was amended so that academic freedom is promoted and protected in the higher education institution’s activities.

Although Sweden is committed to ERA Action 7: Upgrade EU guidance for a better knowledge valorisation, the latest initiative listed in the OECD STIP Survey is from 2013 referring to Innovation Offices to promote the commercialisation of research results. The innovation initiatives in the Research Bill (2021-2024) shall contribute to improved collaboration between the business world, universities, research institutes, the public sector and other national actors, thereby increasing the conditions for making use of new knowledge and new solutions. The Swedish government has also developed an inquiry into creating a more innovative university sector.

Under ERA Action 8: Strengthen research infrastructures and ERA Action 9: Promote international cooperation, key actions are included in the Research Bill (2021-2024). By participating in the European Strategic Forum for Research Infrastructure (ESFRI), the Swedish Research Council contributes to the joint development of European research infrastructures. Sweden also has a Guide to research infrastructure landscape and a needs’ inventory for research infrastructures. Sweden participates in 15 ERICs and hosts the European Spallation Source together with Denmark.

Linked to ERA Action 9: Promote a positive environment and level playing field for international cooperation based on reciprocity, the Swedish Council for Higher Education, the Swedish Research Council and Vinnova have been mandated to promote the work on responsible internationalisation within higher education, research and innovation at Swedish higher education institutions, research funding bodies and other public agencies. The government research funders coordinate the bilateral and global funding efforts through a joint coordinating mechanism and being able to top-up funding for such activities by EUR 2,5 million.

 

2.1.2. Progress towards achieving ERA Priorities

With regard to progress towards Sub-priority 1.1: Open Science, indicates that Sweden performs above the EU-27 average related to open access publications. According to the Swedish Research Council, coordinating the national efforts in the area, Sweden’s goal is to fully implement the transition to open access to research data by 2026.

Linked to Sub-priority 1.2: Research infrastructures, displays that Sweden participates in 21 European research infrastructures, significantly more than the EU-27 average of 16.

With respect to Sub-priority 1.3: Gender equality, equal opportunities for all and inclusiveness, and (% women in HEIs grade A positions and % women among STEM doctoral graduates) and 10 (% of papers with mixed gender authorship 2000–2020, and % women authorship of the 10% most cited publications, 2000–2018) indicate that Sweden performs around the EU-27 average. On the contrary, shows a performance over EU-27 average for the Women in Digital Index in 2022.

Regarding Sub-priority 1.4: Researchers’ careers and mobility and research assessment and reward systems, on share of foreign doctorate students and on proportion of new young (25-34 years) doctorate graduates, show that data for Sweden are above the EU average. The index of job-to-job mobility of Human Resources in Science and Technology is lower in Sweden than the EU average  and saw a significant drop from 2019 to 2020, increasing the gap with the EU average.

Sweden is progressing well according to various indicators on Sub-priority 1.5: Knowledge valorisation. The share of public-private co-publications  is high above EU average and with a tendency of growing faster than EU average. The number of PCT patent applications in relation to GDP is also well above the EU average and similarly the two indicators related to business enterprise researchers as a % of national researchers, presented in. Regarding business enterprise researchers in full-time equivalent per thousand employees in industry in Figure 18 in Annex 1, the values for Sweden are noticeably higher than the EU-27, and since 2012 remain around the same value.

Regarding the share of innovating firms collaborating with higher education institutions or public/private research institutions, Sweden’s performance is more modest, similar to the EU-27 average. One of three Swedish knowledge valorisation best practice examples presented in the European Commission repository is taken from the project REACH2020 (Responsive Engagement of the Elderly Promoting Activity and Customised Healthcare). Standardisation activities within this project supported the dissemination of healthcare solutions for older persons and were employed as an important instrument to use project results at national, European and international standardisation levels.

Considering Sub-priority 1.6: Scientific leadership, statistics in Annex 1 shows steady levels of performance for Sweden, slightly above the EU-27 average, both regarding the share of scientific publications among the top-10% most cited publications worldwide, and regarding the Academic Freedom Index (Afi).

As regards Sub-priority 1.7: Global engagement, the curve for international co-publications with non-EU partners shows a steady progress for Sweden, increasing its significant advantage over the EU-27 average (which is also growing, albeit moderately). Figure 23 in Annex 1 presents the European and international co-patenting in EPO applications at national and EU level for which the value for Sweden was higher than the EU-27 average for the period 2010 to 2013.

 

2.2. ERA Priority 2: Taking up together the challenges posed by the twin green and digital transition and increasing society’s participation in the ERA

 

2.2.1. State of play in the implementation of the ERA Actions

Linked to ERA Action 10: Make EU research and innovation missions and partnerships key contributors to the ERA, Sweden actively participates in the EU's five missions, with notable involvement in the EU City Mission through the Strategic Innovation Programme Viable Cities. This initiative utilises significant governance innovations, including City Climate Contracts, to connect city governance to national governance and Net Zero City processes within the EU City Mission.²

In 2022 the Sweden-US Green Transition Initiative was launched, with the overall objective to accelerate Swedish-American partnerships involving the private sector, academia, innovators, and stakeholders on the federal and state level. The Innovation Partnership Programme Climate Neutral Industry, from 2020, aims to contribute to the climate transition in industry. 28 countries have joined JPIAMR a global collaborative organisation and platform, coordinated by Sweden, tackling antimicrobial resistance. The initiative has been supported by several actions under Horizon 2020 and has created synergies with other Joint Programming Initiatives, fostering national R&I programmes and policy alignment in Sweden.

The government research funders coordinate the participation in European partnerships (and previous partnership programmes) through a joint coordinating mechanism and being able to top-up national funding for such activities by EUR 20 million. In relation to the missions, Sweden has widened the participation from non-traditional government agencies in the missions’ working groups under the strategic programme committee in the framework programme. Sweden also participates in the Trami project.

Linked to ERA Action 11: An ERA for green transformation, Sweden adopted a climate policy framework already in 2017, consisting of a climate act, climate targets and a climate policy council. The Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), originally presented to the European Commission in 2018, was updated in 2023. The Innovation Partnership Programme Climate Neutral Industry and the Sweden-US Green Transition Initiative, both mentioned above (ERA Action 10) are also relevant examples of Sweden’s commitment to green transformation.

Another example identified by the OECD STIP Survey is the Green credit guarantees for competitiveness, an initiative started in 2021, facilitating financing of societally important industrial investments, which increase the opportunities for transition to a more circular economy.

The initiatives linked to ERA Action 12: Accelerate the green/digital transition of Europe’s key industrial ecosystems, identified in the OECD STIP Survey started as of 2013. As mentioned above, the Swedish RRP includes research and innovation investment of EUR 286 million to support the green transition, corresponding to ca. 9% of the overall RRP expenditure⁶. The Swedish Research Council has also developed a ten-year programme on the societal consequences of digitalisation which will contribute new knowledge on the cultural and societal impact of digitalisation.

In 2021, four government agencies published a joint report on a strategic programme to face and lead on the digital transformation of Sweden. As part of the continued work an EU-coordination mechanism for digitalisation has been established.

As regards ERA Action 14: Bring Science closer to citizens, the most recent initiative refers to Impact Innovation (from 2023), an actor-driven and long-term programme that will accelerate sustainable transition for global competitiveness and societal benefits by driving system innovation towards ambitious transition goals. Moreover, a national platform for news and communication about research is being launched in February 2024. The platform continues to build on the existing website forskning.se and is a long-term initiative and an important part of the Swedish Research Council’s mandate to coordinate and facilitate science communication in Sweden.

Although Sweden did not officially commit to ERA Action 13: Empower Higher Education Institution, 19 higher education institutions are part of European Universities alliances. There are relevant initiatives such as the National Academic Infrastructure for Supercomputers in Sweden (NAISS), that started 2023.

 

2.2.2. Progress towards achieving ERA Priorities

According to the quantitative analysis, Sweden’s performance on Sub-priority 2.1: Challenge-based ERA actions is in general similar or slightly below EU-27 average. In the case of the Government Budget Allocations for R&D (GBARD) by NABS in transport, and telecommunications and other infrastructure has consistently stayed significantly above EU-27 average, with a positive trend, from the years 2010 to 2021, and with a peak in 2021.

The Swedish GBARD curve on energy have been relatively stable since 2010, and from 2019 to 2021 it is below the EU-27 average. Since 2013, environmentally related government R&D budget in Sweden is lagging significantly behind the EU-27 average. Increased Swedish budget allocations in 2020 and 2021 have not reduced the gap to EU-27 average, which shows a similar positive tendency. In 2020 (latest figures available) environmentally related government R&D budget made up 1.8% of total Swedish government R&D, compared to 2.5% in average in the EU-27. As regards R&I investments allocated to transnational cooperation, the curve of Sweden, as well as the EU-27 average, is quite flat, with a small drop in 2020, placing Sweden just below the EU-27 average.

According to data from the 2021 Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan Progress Report, national public and private investments have been slightly higher than the EU average from 2012 to 2016, and from 2017 to 2020 following the EU-27 average level, with a sharp dip from 2019 to 2020 observed both for Sweden and for the EU-27 average. Finally, according to OECD data for 2010 to 2017 Sweden’s relative share of filed patents on environment technologies is similar to the EU-27 average.

With respect to Sub-priority 2.2: Synergies with education and the European Skills Agenda, the share of researchers receiving transferable skills training  in Sweden was 48.8% in 2019, slightly above the EU-27 average of 46.3%. The advantage for Sweden was bigger in 2016, with the comparable figures of 64.7% for Sweden versus 49.5% as EU-27 average.

Analysing the indicators for Sub-priority 2.3: Synergies with sectorial policies and industrial policy, in order to boost innovation ecosystems, shows that Sweden performs below the EU-27 average in terms of direct government support and indirect government support through R&D tax incentives, with figures consistently between 0.11% and 0.14% between the years 2013 and 2020.

Regarding Sub-priority 2.4: An active citizen and societal engagement in R&I in all its dimensions, the indicator Trust in science in 2021 puts Sweden on equal terms with the EU-27 average. Examination of the share of research publications on social innovation  indicates that Sweden performs over the EU-27 average, the trend from 2020 (with equal scores) to 2021 being that Sweden is increasing its advantage over the EU-27 average.

 

2.3. ERA Priority 3: Amplifying access to research and innovation investments and reforms.

 

2.3.1. Progress towards achieving ERA Priorities

Sub-priority 3.1: More investments and reforms in countries and regions with lower R&I performance is measured through the increase in total R&D expenditure expressed as a percentage of GDP that for Sweden fluctuates around 0 in the period 2011 to 2021, until reaching a negative value below the EU-27 average (Figure 33 in Annex 1).

 

2.4. ERA Priority 4: Advancing concerted research and innovation investments and reforms

 

2.4.1. Progress towards achieving ERA Priorities

Regarding Sub-priority 4.1: Coordination of R&I investments, the share of public R&D expenditures financed by the private sector remains constant for both Sweden and the EU-27 from 2010 to 2020. In this sense, the Swedish value stayed below the European average during such years (Figure 34 in the Annex).

 

3. Country-specific drivers and barriers

The European Semester Report on Sweden 2023 highlights an innovation-friendly environment, highly skilled workers, attractive research systems and internationally competitive and innovative large companies as core benefits of the national research ecosystem. Sweden is also among the EU top performers in terms of researchers and scientific publications in relation to population size.

On the other hand, although Sweden has high indices of scientific publications, the scientific impact index has not seen a corresponding increase; the number of new doctoral graduates has fallen sharply since 2015. Many Swedish companies report difficulties to recruit highly skilled staff in science, technology and engineering, which might hamper future investment in R&D.

Sustaining a high-quality public research base and a sufficient pool of talent is essential to keep the Swedish knowledge economy competitive. Hence, by providing opportunities for individuals to acquire new skills and knowledge, higher education institutions contribute to the overall development and competitiveness of Sweden.

 

4. Final remarks

Sweden is strongly devoted to the implementation of the ERA Policy Agenda and has officially committed to 11 out of the 17 ERA actions, falling under two core priorities: (1) Deepening a truly functioning internal market for knowledge and (2) Taking up together the challenges posed by the twin green and digital transition, and increasing society’s participation in the ERA.

Additionally, in the last decade important policies have been developed also with reference to the priorities (3) Amplifying access to research and innovation excellence across the union and (4) Advancing concerted research and innovation investments and reforms. Examples under Priority 3 are the already mentioned initiatives Impact Innovation, Innovation Partnership Programmes (such as the one on Climate Neutral Industry) and ‘A strategy for Swedish participation in Horizon Europe’, as well as the study Proposal for a new organisation of public, competitive funding of research and innovation. In relation to Priority 4, the initiative Swecris could be mentioned, a national database that allows to see how participating research funding bodies have distributed their money to Swedish recipients.

The country shows strong progress regarding most ERA Actions under Priority 1: Deepening a truly functional internal market for knowledge. For example, Sweden performs above EU average according to indicators on open science, research infrastructures, knowledge valorisation and global engagement. On the other hand, ERA Action under Priority 2: Taking up together the challenges posed by the twin green and digital transition and increasing society’s participation in the ERA, are not showing the same level of progress, with several indicators below the EU average.

The indicators related to the environmental challenge and green transformation/transition suggest that Sweden is lagging a bit behind the EU-average. It should be mentioned that the policy debate around government support for innovation in both industry and small businesses has undergone a significant shift in recent years, with an increased focus on the green transition. This transition is generally seen as an opportunity to enhance the long-term competitiveness of Swedish companies. However, some negative tendencies, e.g., linked to the scientific impact index and a decreasing number of new doctoral graduates, have led to policy discussions on a decreasing quality of Swedish research.

A report from the Swedish Research Council presents possible routes forward to improve conditions for research and to develop and strengthen the Swedish research system. The Council’s positions on how to increase Swedish research quality further are presented and justified in four thematic chapters, all seen as a joint concern for higher education institutions, research funding bodies and other actors in the research system.

 

5. Bibliography

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The Government of Sweden (2021), ‘Stronger focus on future research infrastructure’ (Stärkt fokus på framtidens forskningsinfrastruktur), SOU n2021:65, available at: https://www.regeringen.se/contentassets/2fe6d7d3a2f246f4ac6055d634745234/starkt-fokus-pa-framtidens-forskningsinfrastruktur-sou-202165/

The way towards open access to research data, the Swedish Research Council website, available at: https://www.vr.se/english/mandates/open-science/open-access-to-research-data/the-way-towards-open-access-to-research-data.html

Thomas Neidenmark, Gareth O'Neill, & Istvan Karasz. (2023). EOSC Catalogue of Best Practices. Available at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7574165

Vinnova (2021), Horisont 2020 – årsbok 2021, Vinnova Rapport VR 2022:04, available at: https://www.vinnova.se/contentassets/76659ea101a148ba9a70dee7e4838c66/arsbok-2021_horisont-20202.pdf?cb=20220616143702

 

6. Annexes

 

6.1. Annex 1: Graphs

The 2023 ERA Scoreboard and ERA Dashboard indicators used in the country report are presented in this annex. Detailed information on the data sources, description of the indicators, time period for which the data is available, and the necessary calculations can be found in the ERA Scoreboard and ERA Dashboard Methodology Report. The most recent available data for each indicator has been used.

 

General Indicators

 

 

 

 

Priority 1: Deepening a truly functioning internal market for knowledge

Sub-priority 1.1: Open Science

 

Sub-priority 1.2: Research infrastructures

 

Sub-priority 1.3: Gender equality, equal opportunities for all and inclusiveness

 

 

 

 

 

Sub-priority 1.4: Researchers’ careers and mobility and research assessment and reward systems

 

 

 

Sub-priority 1.5: Knowledge valorisation

 

 

 

 

 

Sub-priority 1.6: Scientific leadership

 

 

Sub-priority 1.7: Global engagement

 

 

Priority 2: Taking up together the challenges posed by the twin green and digital transition, and increasing society’s participation in the ERA

Sub-priority 2.1: Challenge-based ERA actions

 

 

Figure 26: Environmentally related government R&D budget as percentage of total government R&D

 

 

 

Sub-priority 2.2: Synergies with education and the European Skills Agenda

 

Sub-priority 2.3: Synergies with sectorial policies and industrial policy, in order to boost innovation ecosystems

 

Sub-priority 2.4: An active citizen and societal engagement in R&I in all its dimensions

 

 

Priority 3: Amplifying access to research and innovation excellence across the Union

Sub-priority 3.1: More investments and reforms in countries and regions with lower R&I performance

 

Priority 4: Advancing concerted research and innovation investments and reforms

Sub-priority 4.1: Coordination of R&I investments